We also detected hCLS in the liver of NAFLD/NASH patients

to chromosomal instability and aneuploidy. Centrosome amplification, in particular, the accumulation of additional centrosomes, is frequently detected in solid and hematological human cancers and has already been found in pre-neoplastic lesions i.e. early stages of carcinogenesis. CIN is considered to continually drive clonal evolution and tumor heterogeneity. In CML, centrosome amplification is an early event in the transformation process and occurs at the earliest identifiable step in CML development. Recently, in a long-term in vitro study on a CML CP model we have established the functional link of p210BCR-ABL TK activity with centrosome amplification and clonal evolution. This is in accordance with the observation that p210BCR-ABL and c-ABL are both centrosome associated proteins. However, IM treatment did not prevent the development of centrosome amplification; but by itself induced centrosomal and/or cytogenetic alterations in several bcr-abl-negative cell line models and in vivo. 2 / 18 Separase Activity in CML The maintenance of regular centrosome numbers in non-malignant cells depends on the ordered centriole duplication strictly limited to once per cell cycle. Disengagement of mother and daughter centriole is PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19706235 a prerequisite for semiconservative centriole duplication and is provided by proteolytic cleavage of cohesin, a “glue” multi-protein complex that is also responsible for sister-chromatide cohesion. Separase, a cysteine endopeptidase encoded by the gene espl1, conducts cleavage of cohesin. Ectopic activation of Separase proteolytic activity causes premature sister-chromatide separation and centriole disengagement and overexpression of Separase has been reported to induce centrosome amplification, aneuploidy and tumorigenesis. Recently, striking functional evidence for the oncogenic activity of deregulated Separase was provided by Pati and coworkers who have generated a transgenic MMTV-Espl1 mouse model that overexpresses Separase protein in the mammary gland. These mice developed aggressive and highly aneuploid mammary carcinomas with high levels of CIN and cell cycle defects including multiple centrosomes and multinucleated cells. Moreover, Separase overexpression has been considered as potential predictor of progression-free survival and relapse in glioblastoma. The proteolytic activity of Separase is tightly regulated by multiple inhibitory mechanisms combining Securin binding, specific serine residue phosphorylation by CyclinB1/ Cdk1, autocatalytic cleavage and PP2A-dependent stabilization of Separase-bound Securin. The finding that espl1/Separase acts as an oncogene/-protein in various cancers including CML renders this protease a PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19705070 key target to unravel the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of centrosome amplification and clonal evolution in IM-treated CML. In this study, we used the cytogenetic data from CML study IV to investigate incidences of newly arising unbalanced ACA and blast crises under IM long-term treatment with regard to the p210BCR-ABL MedChemExpress Piclidenoson breakpoint variants b2a2 and b3a2. In search for potential underlying molecular mechanisms we performed protein biochemical studies on Separase expression and activity profiles in a panel of b2a2 and b3a2 CML cell lines. Our data point to the existence of a p210BCR-ABL-dependent feedback mechanism that posttranslationally stimulates Separase proteolytic activity after an IM-induced decrease in Separase protein levels exclusively in b3a2 cells. As a known pr